Oscar Bajo-RubioMaría del Carmen Ramos-HerreraNakhchivan State University2026-06-062026-06-062024-12-24https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eap.2024.07.019https://rims.khazar.org/handle/123456789/1294In this paper, we analyse the relationship between international trade and economic growth in an unbalanced panel of 20 European countries in a long-term perspective, since the mid-19th century to present days, differentiating between the periods before and after the start of the Second World War. To this end, we perform Granger-causality tests between exports and GDP, and between imports and GDP, following the novel methodology of Juodis et al. (2021) for panel data models with large cross-sectional and time series dimensions. Our results support the existence of a bi-directional relationship between both trade variables and GDP, for the whole period and across subperiods.en-USJEL classification: F41 F43 N10 O47 Keywords: International trade Economic growth Europe Granger-causalityjournal-article