Jenn-Kun KuoUkrit ThammaAthasit WongcharoenYi-Hung LiuZhen-Wei SongHuyen Thi Le2025-12-102025-12-102025-12doi.org/10.1016/j.csite.2025.107334https://rims.khazar.org/handle/123456789/468A comprehensive mathematical model was developed to simulate the performance of a Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMC) hybrid vehicle under various driving test cycles. The main components of the vehicle system included a PEMFC stack, a hydrogen supply system, an air supply system, a cooling system, a drive motor, and a lithium-ion battery pack. The vehicle data parameters were based on the specifications of the 2014 Toyota Mirai 1st-Gen. PEMFC vehicle. Five test cycles (FTP-75, WLTC Class 3, HWFET, US06, and Maximum Speed) were used for verification. The simulation results for the fuel cell stack, battery, drive motor, and vehicle speed performance were compared with the measured data reported in the literature. The maximum relative errors were found to be 1.6 % for the fuel cell stack. Overall, the model presented in this study provides a strong foundation for the ongoing design and optimization of fuel cell hybrid vehicle systems.enPEM fuel cell Hybrid vehicle Mathematical modeling Simulation Driving test cycle Driver motorjournal-article