Browsing by Type "journal article"

Industrial Control Systems used in the control of critical infrastructures, especially in smart grids, have made a rapid transition from an isolated network architecture to wired and wireless external networks due to the factors that facilitate human life such as productivity, economy and speed. With this transition, industrial control systems specific protocols have become insufficient and hybrid protocols have started to be used. As a result, the vulnerabilities specific to the internet and new protocols besides the vulnerabilities specific to industrial control systems have started to threaten control systems. In this study, the usability of the Light Fidelity (Li-Fi) transmission infrastructure in data transmission was investigated as a solution proposal for the smart city / network infrastructure where attack of False Data Injection carried out. This study will make important contributions to the studies carried out for industrial control systems security.

Synchronization of the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone (TSP-D) is one of the most complex NP-hard combinatorial routing problems in the literature. The speeds, capacities and optimization constraints of the truck-drone pair are different from each other. These differences lead to the search space of TSP-D having a high geometric complexity and a large number of local solution traps. Being able to avoid local solution traps in the search space of TSP-D and accurately converge to the global optimal solution is the main challenge for evolutionary search algorithms. The way to overcome this challenge is to dynamically adapt exploitation and exploration behaviors during the search process and maintain these two in a balanced manner depending on the geometric structure of TSP-D's search space. To overcome this challenge, research consisting of three steps was conducted in this article: (i) three different guide selection methods, namely greedy, random and FDB-score based, were used to provide exploitation, exploration and balanced search capabilities, (ii) by hybridizing these three methods at different rates, guide selection strategies with different search capabilities were developed, (iii) by associating these hybrid guide selection strategies with different stages of the search process, the guidance mechanism was given a dynamic behavioral ability. Thus, the Fitness-Distance Balance-based evolutionary search algorithm (FDB-EA) was designed to achieve a sustainable exploitation-exploration balance in the search space of TSP-D and stably avoid local solution traps. To test the performance of the FDB-EA, the number of delivery points was set to 30, 50, 60, 80, and 100 and compared with twenty-seven powerful and current competing algorithms. According to the non-parametric Wilcoxon pairwise comparison results, FDB-EA outperformed all competing algorithms in all five different TSP-D problems. According to the results obtained from the stability analysis, the success rates and calculation times of FDB-EA, EA and AGDE algorithms were 88.00% (6308.79 sec), 58.40% (7377.43 sec) and 13.460% (34664.19 sec) respectively.

The purpose of this article is to develop a methodological approach to substantiating the effective consolidation model of national accounting standards (NAS) with International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Azerbaijan. Using the questionnaire method, the advantages, and obstructions of IFRS implementation in Azerbaijan have been assessed, depending on the practicing models of consolidation of NAS and IFRS. Using fuzzy sets made it possible to determine the levels of development of advantages and obstructions associated with the introduction of IFRS into national accounting practice in Azerbaijan. We determined the most effective model of consolidation of NAS and IFRS for the enterprises of Azerbaijan. The effectiveness of implementing models for the consolidation of NAS and IFRS has been assessed to provide a balance between advantages and destructive factors in the implementation of IFRS.

This paper aims to examine the effect of FDI on the unemployment rate in Azerbaijan from 1993 to 2022. The Augmented Dickey–Fuller (ADF) unit root test, Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root test, ARDL co-integration test, and Granger Causality test have been employed for the statistical analysis. The results of the ARDL approach indicated a significant relationship between FDI and the unemployment rate. The outcomes of the long-run analysis noted a negative and significant relationship between FDI and unemployment. In contrast, the short-run test showed a negative but insignificant relationship between FDI and unemployment. Moreover, the findings of the Granger causality test showed no causal link running from FDI to unemployment, meaning the null hypothesis that FDI does not Granger cause unemployment should be accepted. This suggests that FDI leads to employment in Azerbaijan. Conversely, a causal relationship running from unemployment to FDI was confirmed, indicating that the null hypothesis that unemployment does not Granger cause FDI should be rejected, and the alternative hypothesis that unemployment does Granger cause FDI must be accepted. This implies that the unemployment rate influences FDI inflow into the country. Hence, it has been demonstrated that FDI inflows decreased Azerbaijan's unemployment rate during the examined period.

The work is devoted to the study of the solvability of an inverse boundary value problem with an unknown time-dependent coefficient for the Boussinesq-Love equation with Nonlocal Integral Condition. The goal of the paper consists of the determination of the unknown coefficient together with the solution. The problem is considered in a rectangular domain. The definition of the classical solution of the problem is given. First, the given problem is reduced to an equivalent problem in a certain sense. Then, using the Fourier method the equivalent problem is reduced to solving the system of integral equations. Thus, the solution of an auxiliary inverse boundary value problem reduces to a system of three nonlinear integro-differential equations for unknown functions. A concrete Banach space is constructed. Further, in the ball from the constructed Banach space by the contraction mapping principle, the solvability of the system of nonlinear integro-differential equations is proved. This solution is also a unique solution to the equivalent problem. Finally, by equivalence, the theorem of existence and uniqueness of a classical solution to the given problem is proved.

Bagimsizliklarini kazanir kazanmaz Postsovyet ulkeleri basta ozellestirme gelmekle reform calismalarina basladilar. Dunya ozellestirme pratiginin bu ulkelere boyle gec gelmesinin tek sebebi, devlet mulkiyetinin agirlik kazandigi planli ekonominin hakim olmasiydi. Arka arkaya ozellestirme programlari uygulayan Postsovyet ulkeleri, cesitli ozellestirme yontemleriyle ekonominin yapisini degistirmislerdir. Ozellestirme programlari bu ulkelerde ekonominin onemli parcasini olusturmaktaydi. Calismada Azerbaycan orneginde Postsovyet ulkeleri ekonomik yapisi ve ozellestirme evreleri arastirilmaya calisilmistir.While gain independence, Post-Soviet countries began to reform as in the first instance a privatization. The only cause world privatization practice came so late to this countries is that, planned economy was ruler. The Post-Soviet countries that started to put into practice privatization, with different privatization program changed their economic structure. Privatization programs become very important part of economy of these countries. In this study, the economic structure and privatization stages of Postsoviet countries in model of Azerbaijan Republic has been examined.

Koroghlu Dastani (The Epic of Koroghlu), common heroic epic of the Turkic peoples, was firstly recorded and then translated into English by Alexander Chodźko in 1834. It became popular in Europe and during short time translated into different languages, such as French, German and Russian. Romantic Koroghlu character inspired writers, such as George Sand and Henry Longfellow. Koroghlu Dastani travelled through the languages and cultures, and following the USA after Europe, Longfellow wrote the poem named The Leap of Roushan Beg based on the motives of Koroghlu Dastani. Two American composers wrote music (ballads) to this poem. Firstly, this poem of Longfellow, then in modern time Koroghlu Dastani itself published by Chodźko in English were translated back into Azerbaijani language. This article put under close scrutiny the Koroghlu Dastani, studying thoroughly how this epic turned to be the source of inspiration in Europe and North America for writers and composers; and triggered translation activities into English, French, Russian, and Azerbaijani languages and further considers its contribution to cultural transfers.

It is a remarkable fact that anti-Kähler and its twin metrics share the same Levi–Civita connection. Such torsion-free metric connection also emphasizes the importance of antiHermitian metric connections with torsion in the study of anti-Hermitian geometry. With the objective of defining new types of anti-Hermitian metric connections, in the present paper we consider classes of anti-Hermitian manifolds associated with these connections.

The density ρ(0p s , , or T x ) of 1-butanol and Diesel B0 fuel blends at ambient and saturated pressures and temperatures at T = (253.15 to 468.15) K were measured using an Anton Paar DSA 5000M, DMA 4500, DMA HPM and SVM 3000 vibration tube densimeters of Anton Paar company with an estimated average ρ/ρ = ±0.03 % deviation. The reason of using various densimeters were discussed. The obtained values were fitted to the following polynomial equation. The excess molar volumes E V m /cm3·mol-1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends were calculated.

The objective of the article was to examine the level of diversification of the energy balance and energy export demand, as well as its impacts on economic growth to ensure energy security in Azerbaijan. Forthe research, the Risk Energy Export Demand Index and its four sub-indexes, i.e., 1) export dependence, were used; 2) risk of monopsonium; (3) the risk of transaction costs; 4) Comparative quantitative assessment of the economic importance of different types of energy in the country's energy exports. The Herfindahl-Hirschman index and the Shannon-Wiener index were used for the assessment of the diversification and concentration rate. The OLS method, the ADF test and cointegration were used to assess the relationship between indicators. It is concluded that the share ofenergy obtained from renewable sources in the country's energy balance is very low (about 3%), and the energy obtained from these sources is mainly used for electricity production. Since an essential part of the country's energy balance is in hydrocarbon reserves, the level of diversification is low.

This study explores the emerging trends in e-learning from the perspective of university faculty, who play a crucial role in shaping the future of education. The rapid shift to digital education during and after COVID-19 has presented challenges for university faculty to grapple with new e-learning technologies. A qualitative research design was used to develop deep insights into upcoming e-learning trends. Data were collected from a sample of 70 teachers (35 males and 35 females) through a random sampling from the university faculty in the capital territory of Pakistan. The data collected through semi-structured interviews was analyzed qualitatively for thematic analysis using a fuzzy inference system on MATLAB, resulting in a system accuracy of 92% and a miss rate of 8%. The study identified important e-learning trends such as artificial intelligence, video-based learning, social collaboration, mobile learning, gamification, and micro-learning, emphasizing their potential for engagement and outcomes. The implementation of these strategies can significantly impact the education system, particularly on learning systems. The findings underscore the importance of universities focusing on strategic planning and faculty development. Moreover, institutes that adopt ethical policies can transform the academic environment and establish innovative structures that benefit both teachers' work and foster students' engagement, ultimately leading to improved efficiency and effectiveness. The study's findings are crucial for shaping the future of e-learning and its potential impact on the education system.

The article presents the results of experimental studies to assess the loading and balancing of a new constructive solution of beamless sucker-rod pumping units. It is noted that the key factor that has the most significant effect on the mean time between failures (MTBF) is the right balancing of the pumping unit. The main purpose of the balancing device is the accumulation of potential energy during the downstroke and its release during the upstroke of the rod. It has been proved that the proposed additional balancing system (movable counterweight) which helps to reduce the uneven load on the electric motor and the power consumption of the pumping unit will also increase the efficiency of the beamless sucker-rod pumping unit. It was found that losses in sucker-rod pumps depend on the degree of balance of the counterweights. If the unbalance coefficient of the equipment is in the range from –5 to +5%, then the power loss due to unbalance can be ignored. In the current article, the authors propose a technique that allows to determine the energy characteristics of the electric drive of the pumping unit under conditions of a cyclically changing load and insufficient balance. It was revealed that when the balancer head passes from the upstroke to the downstroke and vice versa, there are sections with a negative value of the torque, which is explained by the influence of the inertial forces of the moving masses. This leads to shocks in the gearing of the reducer at the extreme positions of the cranks, increased wear and possibly to breakage of the teeth. Since it is not possible to completely eliminate this phenomenon, one should strive to limit the value of the negative torque by the correct balancing of the sucker-rod pump. In all cases, the change in the operating mode of a new constructive solution of beamless pumping unit requires new calculations, and requires changing the position and weights of movable and rotary counterweights (with combined balancing).

Density ρ(p0,T)/kg·m−3, viscosity η(p0,T)/Pas, heat capacity cp(p0,T)/Jkg-1K-1 and speed of sound u(p0,T)/m·s-1 of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [OMIM][BF4] over a wide range of temperatures at T = (278.15 to 413.15) K and ambient pressure p=0.101 MPa are reported with an estimated experimental relative combined average ρ/ρ = ±(0.01 to 0.08) % percent deviation (APD) in density, cp/cp= 1 % in constant pressure specific heat capacity, / = ±0.35 % in dynamic viscosity and standard Δu= ± 0.1 m·s-1 deviation in speed of sound values. Measurements were carried out using the Anton Paar DMA 5000M, DSA 5000M, DMA HPM vibration tube densimeters, SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer and Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 DSC Differential Scanning Calorimeter

When we talk about loanwords, we should consider external factors, which include various influences from other languages that are evident in the graphic, phonetic, lexical, semantic, morphological, and syntactic aspects of language elements. This process takes place as a result of the interaction of related and and unrelated languages in both direct and indirect contact, along with continuous improvements based on their internal capabilities and resources. The key conditions for acquiring new words in a language involves the phonetic and graphic compatibility of borrowed words in the spoken language; associating these borrowed words with grammatical categories in the spoken language; phonetic acquisition of borrowed words; grammatical integration of borrowed words; the significant role of borrowed words in word creation; the semantic acquisition of borrowed words. Language interaction leads to the borrowing of certain linguistic elements and units between languages. As a result of this process, a word or term is transferred from one language to another. At this time, if borrowing, in other words, a new concept or things is created in response to the needs of the society, and this process of borrowing is typically carried out through the language that adopts the new word. Both English and German belong to the Germanic language group of the Indo-European language family. Modern English contains layers borrowed from various languages, along with lexical units taken from German. The article explores the influence of German borrowings in English.

In this study we investigated government hand in the Global Financial Crisis. Before, during and after crisis government attempted to solve and avoid the turmoil. But did he succeed? Beginning with low interest rates set by FED, US government political pressures to enable more Americans to buy homes, unrestrained financial system despite of regulations and fines, human greedy were the main reasons for Great Recession. More than 30 years of deregulation and reliance on self-regulation by financial institutions was the one big reason for crisis. Besides showing the stages crisis passed, the paper also examines penalties government gave to the financial intermediaries for breaking law in past related to crisis. Showing the emerging process of crisis, the article mainly restricted on US economy - where was the epicenter of problem - and government, while the U.S. financial system stumbles, it may take the rest of the world down with it.The actuality of the topic is that it was also a social crisis because, unemployment in US had reached to 50 millions which means they also lost their social insurances, and 16 million families had lost their homes. Several corporations bankrupted, in spite of more than these were saved by government. While financial crisis turned into social and economic turmoil it became government prior issue to solve.

The constant pressure specific heat capacity ( , , ) 0 or c p T x p s /Jkg-1K-1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends at temperatures T = (253.15 to 468.15) K are reported with an estimated average cp/cp = ±0.5% deviation. Measurements were carried out using a Perkin Elmer’s Pyris 1 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The excess heat capacity ( , , ) 0 or c p T x s Ep/Jkg-1 K -1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends were calculated. Polynomial equation as a function of temperature was used for the fitting of measured data,

The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of influence of alternative options for generating electricity by households on the level of energy independence of countries. The research methodology was based on the use of correlation–regression analysis, as well as adapted non-linear optimization by choosing one of three scenarios for electricity generation by households for 20 countries. Regression analysis showed the dependence of a country’s energy security on households’ energy independence. It is determined that an increase in households’ energy production helps to reduce the level of energy dependence in developed countries. However, for developing countries, there is no such interrelation. The solution of the formulated problem of nonlinear optimization for the studied countries has demonstrated that the criterion of energy dependence is superior to the criterion of a country’s energy security. In the long term, this study can be deepened in the direction of assessing the effectiveness of household investment in electricity generation projects. The proposed results can be used by responsible persons in the field of economy and energy in order to determine the position of various policies, and use strategic levers and indicators that ensure an effective response to energy security challenges in the regional and global markets.