Density ρ(p0,T)/kg·m−3, viscosity η(p0,T)/Pas, heat capacity cp(p0,T)/Jkg-1K-1 and speed of sound u(p0,T)/m·s-1 of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate [OMIM][BF4] over a wide range of temperatures at T = (278.15 to 413.15) K and ambient pressure p=0.101 MPa are reported with an estimated experimental relative combined average ρ/ρ = ±(0.01 to 0.08) % percent deviation (APD) in density, cp/cp= 1 % in constant pressure specific heat capacity, / = ±0.35 % in dynamic viscosity and standard Δu= ± 0.1 m·s-1 deviation in speed of sound values. Measurements were carried out using the Anton Paar DMA 5000M, DSA 5000M, DMA HPM vibration tube densimeters, SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer and Perkin Elmer Pyris 1 DSC Differential Scanning Calorimeter

Viscosity η(p0,T)/mPas of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends at temperatures T = (273.15 to 468.15) K are reported with an estimated average / = ±0.35 % deviation in dynamic viscosity. Measurements were carried out using the Anton Paar SVM 3000 Stabinger Viscometer and Anton Paar Rheometer MCR 302. The viscosities of 1-butanol were compared with available literature values. The excess viscosity of blends was calculated and obtained negative dependence of them from mole fractions of 1-butanol was discussed.

The density ρ(0p s , , or T x ) of 1-butanol and Diesel B0 fuel blends at ambient and saturated pressures and temperatures at T = (253.15 to 468.15) K were measured using an Anton Paar DSA 5000M, DMA 4500, DMA HPM and SVM 3000 vibration tube densimeters of Anton Paar company with an estimated average ρ/ρ = ±0.03 % deviation. The reason of using various densimeters were discussed. The obtained values were fitted to the following polynomial equation. The excess molar volumes E V m /cm3·mol-1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends were calculated.

The constant pressure specific heat capacity ( , , ) 0 or c p T x p s /Jkg-1K-1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends at temperatures T = (253.15 to 468.15) K are reported with an estimated average cp/cp = ±0.5% deviation. Measurements were carried out using a Perkin Elmer’s Pyris 1 differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The excess heat capacity ( , , ) 0 or c p T x s Ep/Jkg-1 K -1 of 1-butanol and Diesel fuel blends were calculated. Polynomial equation as a function of temperature was used for the fitting of measured data,

Abstract (p,ρ,T) data of two different Diesel fuel samples (Hallen DK B0) over a wide range of temperatures and pressures p up to 200 Pa [Hallen DK B0 from 2015 year (B0 2015) over a wide range of temperatures at T = (263.15 to 468.48) K and from 2016 year (B0 2016) at T = (263.15 to 468.40) K] are reported. The experimental measurements of Diesel fuel properties at high pressures and wide range of temperatures is of increasing interest in engine fuel injection. The measurements were carried out with an Anton Paar DMA HPM vibration tube densimeter. An equation of state (EOS) for fitting of the (p,ρ,T) data of Diesel fuels has been developed as a function of pressure and temperature. After a thorough analysis of literature values and validity of the constructed equation of state, various thermophysical properties such as isothermal compressibility, isobaric thermal expansibility, differences in isobaric and isochoric heat capacities, thermal pressure coefficient, internal pressure at temperatures [T = (263.15 to 468.48) K] and pressures p up to 200 Pa were calculated. The vapor pressure measurements of Diesel fuels were measured using the two high-accuracy static experimental set ups. Additionally, heat capacity, viscosity and speed of sound of diesel fuels at ambient pressure p = 0.1 MPa and various temperature intervals were measured using an accuracy installations. Other thermophysical properties, like specific heat capacities at constant pressure cp(p,T) and volume cv(p,T), speed of sound u(p,T) and isentropic expansibility κs(p,T) at temperatures T = (263.15 to 468.48) K and pressures p up to 200 MPa have been evaluated.

The vapour pressure of 1-butanol and Diesel B0 binary fuel blends were investigated at temperatures ranging from 274.15 to 468.67 K, using the two different setups with static method. The measured values were fitted to the Antoine, polynomial and Clausius–Clapeyron type equations. The heat of eva poration of mixture have been determined from the vapour–liquid equilibria data.

Presented here are the thermophysical characterization and thermodynamic modelling of RAVENOL Calibration Fluid 2.5 which is used for the calibration and preservation of diesel engine fuel injectors. Accurate knowledge of the standardized fluid properties is an important component for engineering modelling to deliver the correct dose of fuel into the combustion chamber of diesel engines while reducing the occurrence of cavitation phenomena. The liquid density and specific isobaric heat capacity measurements were carried out up to T=423K at ambient pressure. The speed of sound moving through the liquid was measured from T=(300 to 423) K from ambient pressure up to p=200MPa. This plays a crucial role in fuel injection timing. With the combination of these data with high pressure, it is possible to accurately calculate the liquid density, specific isobaric heat capacity, coefficient of isobaric thermal expansion and isothermal compressibility at elevated pressures. Thedata obtained at ambient pressure were used to confirm the accuracy of the high-pressure experimental data by comparing them with the predictions of the Fluctuation-Theory Equation-of-State. The calibration fluid hasbecome the second ISO 4113 fluid to be characterized in this fashion.

Buried mines pose great dangers to humans and animals around the world, which means thousands of people die each year from buried mines. Detecting and destroying these mines without harming people is an important issue. Today, these landmines are detected using different methods such as Ground Effect Radar, Electromagnetic induction, Infrared and Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance and active sensors are generally used in most of these methods. Although active sensor-based landmine detectors are often used for performance reasons, they can cause unintentional landmine explosions because they operate with transmitted and reflected signals. On the other hand, there is no such obstacle that can perform better in passive sensor-based landmine detectors depending on the design criteria. Therefore, in this study, a prototype design including passive sensor with magnetic anomaly method has been developed and shown. For the performance analysis of this detector, real landmines are used and the designed system is tested with different distance values in different soil types. The results show that the prototype produced successfully detects different types of landmines, is assertive in its lightness and only 1750 grams with its battery, providing sensitivity as well as advantages such as ease of use and low cost. It also shows the feature of being the first handheld landmine detector based on magnetic anomaly.

Synchronization of the Traveling Salesman Problem with Drone (TSP-D) is one of the most complex NP-hard combinatorial routing problems in the literature. The speeds, capacities and optimization constraints of the truck-drone pair are different from each other. These differences lead to the search space of TSP-D having a high geometric complexity and a large number of local solution traps. Being able to avoid local solution traps in the search space of TSP-D and accurately converge to the global optimal solution is the main challenge for evolutionary search algorithms. The way to overcome this challenge is to dynamically adapt exploitation and exploration behaviors during the search process and maintain these two in a balanced manner depending on the geometric structure of TSP-D's search space. To overcome this challenge, research consisting of three steps was conducted in this article: (i) three different guide selection methods, namely greedy, random and FDB-score based, were used to provide exploitation, exploration and balanced search capabilities, (ii) by hybridizing these three methods at different rates, guide selection strategies with different search capabilities were developed, (iii) by associating these hybrid guide selection strategies with different stages of the search process, the guidance mechanism was given a dynamic behavioral ability. Thus, the Fitness-Distance Balance-based evolutionary search algorithm (FDB-EA) was designed to achieve a sustainable exploitation-exploration balance in the search space of TSP-D and stably avoid local solution traps. To test the performance of the FDB-EA, the number of delivery points was set to 30, 50, 60, 80, and 100 and compared with twenty-seven powerful and current competing algorithms. According to the non-parametric Wilcoxon pairwise comparison results, FDB-EA outperformed all competing algorithms in all five different TSP-D problems. According to the results obtained from the stability analysis, the success rates and calculation times of FDB-EA, EA and AGDE algorithms were 88.00% (6308.79 sec), 58.40% (7377.43 sec) and 13.460% (34664.19 sec) respectively.

The results of the study of the temperature regimes of the evaporator tubes in the area around the critical pressure of one-phase and twophase are given in the paper. The studies carried out in the field of single-phase critical pressure environment can be classified into two groups according to their physical nature: 1) heat exchange process at large values of not heating the liquid up to the pseudocritical temperature at the inlet of the evaporator pipe; 2) heat exchange process at small values of at the pipe entrance. It is appropriate to use the proposed method in order to precalculate the temperature of the screen tubes in partial load modes of steam generators. With the help of this method, we can determine the reliability of the steam generator in this mode by checking the probability of occurrence of a deteriorated mode in the evaporator tubes in a given mode; The change of the temperature regime of the pipes in the area around the two-phase critical pressure is subject to a general regularity; Equations are proposed to calculate the temperature of the pipe wall in the degraded regime and the enthalpy of the fluid at the boundary of the degraded regime.